高原寒冷地区某污水处理厂MBBR改造效果分析

doi:10.19965/j.cnki.iwt.2025-0472

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为进一步落实青藏高原环境保护政策，使用移动床生物膜反应器（MBBR）对海拔2 200 m，处理量为8.5万t/d的某污水处理厂进行生化池技术改造。改造之后，即使冬季水温低于9 ℃，出水水质指标也能稳定达标。其中，新设置的悬浮填料区和缺氧区分别主要承担了NH₄ ⁺-N和总氮去除的功能。悬浮填料上的微生物比活性污泥中的微生物更丰富多样；并且悬浮填料上的胞外聚合物比活性污泥中的胞外聚合物含量高。悬浮填料上硝化菌属和硝化基因的相对丰度在活性污泥之上，为高原寒冷地区悬浮填料强化低温硝化奠定了微生物学基础。另外，活性污泥中反硝化菌属及反硝化基因的相对丰度之和高于悬浮填料。该项目的成功为高原污水厂的新建和升级带来了可参考的示范性方案。

关键词: 移动床生物膜反应器, 高原寒冷地区, 硝化基因, 胞外聚合物

Abstract:

To further implement environmental protection policies on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, a wastewater treatment plant at an altitude of 2 200 m with a capacity of 85 000 tons per day was retrofitted by moving bed biofilm reactor(MBBR) process. After retrofitting, the effluent could stably meet the designed standards even the water temperature dropped below 9 ℃ during winter. The newly established suspended carrier zone and anoxic zone primarily facilitated the removal of NH₄ ⁺-N and total nitrogen, respectively. Microbial richness and diversity on the suspended carriers were significantly higher than those in the activated sludge. Additionally, the extracellular polymeric substances on the suspended carriers exceeded those of the activated sludge. The relative abundances of nitrifying microbes and nitrification-related genes on suspended carriers were markedly higher those in activated sludge, which established a microbial foundation for the enhanced low temperature nitrification via suspended carriers in high-altitude cold regions. Conversely, the sums of relative abundances of denitrifying microbes and denitrification-related genes in activated sludge surpassed those of suspended carriers. The successful implementation of this large-scale project provides replicable strategies for the construction and upgrading of wastewater treatment plants in cold plateau regions.

Key words: moving bed biofilm reactor, suspended carriers, plateau cold regions, nitrification-related genes, extracellular polymeric substances

中图分类号:

X703

李娜, 任启萍, 范航. 高原寒冷地区某污水处理厂MBBR改造效果分析[J]. 工业水处理, 2026, 46(4): 196-202.

Na LI, Qiping REN, Hang FAN. Effectiveness analysis of a wastewater treatment plant retrofitted by MBBR in a cold plateau region[J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2026, 46(4): 196-202.

https://gyscl.magtechjournal.com/CN/Y2026/V46/I4/196

图/表 8

图1 改造前后工艺流程

Fig.1 Process flow diagram before and after retrofitting

表1 本次改造的设计进出水水质 (mg/L)

Table 1 Designed water quality of influent and effluent

项目	COD	BOD₅	SS	NH₄ ⁺-N	TN	TP
设计进水	550	180	200	50.0	55	5.0
设计出水	30	6	10	1.5	15	0.5

表2 实际进出水水质

Table 2 Actual water quality of influent and effluent

时间	项目	水温/℃	COD/ （mg·L^-1）	SS/ （mg·L^-1）	NH₄ ⁺-N/ （mg·L^-1）	TN/ （mg·L^-1）	TP/ （mg·L^-1）
2021年11月	进水	8.3±1.4	695.5±108.0	716.5±134.3	17.4±3.4	65.1±10.7	19.1±5.5
2021年11月	出水	8.9±1.5	24.2±5.4	6.5±1.3	0.2±0.1	11.0±1.6	0.11±0.02
2021年12月	进水	7.7±1.2	578.6±206.2	585.2±170.3	18.9±4.2	58.4±13.0	15.3±9.0
2021年12月	出水	7.8±0.9	23.6±4.8	6.4±2.0	0.2±0.2	10.5±1.9	0.10±0.03
2022年1月	进水	8.2±1.1	664.4±141.2	714.3±119.7	16.2±2.8	72.9±15.7	22.9±10.0
2022年1月	出水	7.5±1.0	23.9±6.0	6.0±1.1	0.1±0.1	10.1±1.4	0.09±0.07

图2 系统内沿程污染物的浓度变化

Fig.2 Change of pollutant concentration along the process within the system

图3 填料和污泥性能小试结果对比

Fig.3 Performance comparison between suspended carrier and activated sludge

图4 活性污泥和生物膜上EPS变化

Fig.4 EPS changes in activated sludge and Biofilm

图5 门水平（a）和属水平（b）上的物种相对丰度

Fig.5 Relative abundance distribution at phylum（a） and genus level（b）

图6 系统代谢的相对丰度（a）、生物脱氮机理（b）和脱氮相关基因的丰度（c）

Fig.6 The relative abundance of metabolic pathway（a），mechanism of biological nitrogen removal（b），relative abundance of nitrogen removal-related genes（c）

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