Removal characteristics of emerging pollutant F-53B by three common a ctivated carbons

doi:10.19965/j.cnki.iwt.2025-0408

Abstract

Abstract:

As a substitute for traditional perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS) substances, chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate acid(6∶2 Cl-PFAES, F-53B) has been widely adopted in China's electroplating industry. It should be noted that current emission limits and treatment standards for this compound remain undeveloped,leading to its continuous accumulation in environmental media and potentially causing significant ecological risks and health hazards. This study systematically investigated the adsorption characteristics of F-53B by three typical activated carbon materials(coconut shell-based, coal-based,and bamboo-based activated carbons). Experimental results demonstrated that for an initial F-53B concentration of 1 mg/L, coconut shell activated carbon(250 mg/L) achieved adsorption equilibrium within 24 hours(F-53B removal efficiency of 99.9%, residual concentration of 1.31 μg/L), with a maximum adsorption capacity of 261.64 mg/g, which was significantly higher than that of coal-based(93.37 mg/g) and bamboo-based activated carbons(10.77 mg/g). The adsorption behavior of F-53B was better fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model(R²>0.83) and pseudo-second-order kinetic model(R²>0.97). To investigate the rate-limiting steps,the intra-particle diffusion model suggested a three-stage adsorption process for coconut shell-based and coal-based activated carbons, involving surface adsorption,pore diffusion, and adsorption equilibrium,while bamboo-based activated carbon only exhibited the first two stages. Further physicochemical characterization revealed that coconut shell-based activated carbon exhibited the highest specific surface area(1 042.66 m²/g), surpassing coal-based(705.09 m²/g) and bamboo-based activated carbons(163.12 m²/g). Nitrogen adsorption isotherm analysis indicated that coconut shell-based activated carbon displayed characteristic Type Ⅰ behavior according to IUPAC classification, while both coal-based and bamboo-based activated carbons showed typical Type Ⅳ isotherms. Pore structure analysis further revealed that both coconut shell-based and coal-based activated carbons were predominantly microporous, whereas bamboo-based activated carbon was dominated by mesopores and macropores. Additionally,surface chemical characterization demonstrated that coconut shell-based activated carbon possessed the highest quantity of basic functional groups and the lowest acidic functional groups,with a point of zero charge(pH_zpc) of 4.49 higher than that of coal-based(4.30) and bamboo-based activated carbons(2.42). These distinct physicochemical properties collectively explained why coconut shell-based activated carbon exhibited optimal F-53B adsorption performance, showing significantly superior removal efficiency compared to both coal-based and bamboo-based activated carbons.

Key words: activated carbon, 6∶2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate, removal characteristics, adsorption kinetics, characterization analysis

摘要：

氯化多氟醚磺酸盐（6∶2 Cl-PFAES，F-53B）作为传统全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）物质的替代产品已在我国电镀工业中大规模使用。当前针对该物质的排放限值和处理技术标准仍处于空白状态，导致环境介质中F-53B残留量持续上升，可能引发显著的生态风险和健康隐患。系统考察了3种典型活性炭材料（椰壳活性炭、煤质活性炭、竹炭）对F-53B的吸附特性，实验结果表明：对于F-53B初始质量浓度为1 mg/L的溶液，250 mg/L椰壳活性炭在24 h可达吸附平衡（F-53B去除率达99.9%，残留质量浓度为1.31 μg/L），饱和吸附量达261.64 mg/g且高于煤质活性炭（93.37 mg/g）和竹炭（10.77 mg/g）；对F-53B的吸附行为更适配Langmuir等温模型（R ²≥0.83）和准二级反应动力学模型（R ²≥0.97），同时为探究吸附过程的速率控制步骤，结合颗粒内扩散模型推测椰壳和煤质活性炭的吸附为表面吸附、孔道扩散和吸附平衡等连续的三阶段过程，而竹炭活性炭仅包括前两个过程。进一步通过分析其理化性质发现，椰壳活性炭比表面积达1 042.66 m²/g，高于煤质活性炭（705.09 m²/g）和竹炭（163.12 m²/g）；基于氮吸附等温线可知，椰壳活性炭属于典型IUPACⅠ型特征，煤质活性炭和竹炭呈现典型的Ⅳ型吸附等温线；孔隙结构分析进一步揭示，椰壳活性炭和煤质活性炭主要以微孔为主，而竹炭以介孔和大孔结构占优；此外，表面化学分析表明，椰壳活性炭具有最高的碱性官能团含量（0.46 mmol/g）和最低的酸性官能团含量（0.10 mmol/g），且其pH_zpc（4.49）高于煤质活性炭（4.30）和竹炭（2.42）。这些理化特性差异合理解释了椰壳活性炭对F-53B的吸附性能最优，其F-53B去除效率显著优于煤质和竹炭活性炭。

关键词: 活性炭, 氯化多氟醚磺酸盐, 去除特性, 吸附动力学, 表征分析

CLC Number:

X703.1

Yongming WU, Kexuan PEI, Jiayu ZHOU, Fangfei LI, Xiangmin LIU, Mi DENG, Yajun LIU. Removal characteristics of emerging pollutant F-53B by three common a ctivated carbons[J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2026, 46(4): 113-122.

吴永明, 裴可轩, 周佳钰, 李坊飞, 刘翔敏, 邓觅, 刘亚军. 3种常见活性炭对新污染物F-53B的去除特性研究[J]. 工业水处理, 2026, 46(4): 113-122.

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https://gyscl.magtechjournal.com/EN/Y2026/V46/I4/113

Figures/Tables 15

Fig.1 SEM images of coconut shell activated carbon（a），coal activated carbon（b） and bamboo activated carbon（c）

Fig.2 N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms of coconut shell activated carbon，coal activated carbon and bamboo activated carbon

Fig.3 Pore size distribution curves of coconut shell activated carbon，coal activated carbon and bamboo activated carbon

Table 1 Pore structure characteristics of activated carbon

项目	椰壳活性炭	煤质活性炭	竹炭
比表面积/（m²·g^-1）	1 042.66	705.09	163.12
总孔体积/（cm³·g^-1）	0.45	0.40	0.19
平均孔径/nm	1.72	49.22	44.80
微孔体积/（cm³·g^-1）	0.34	0.30	0.043
微孔面积/（m²·g^-1）	857.69	101.05	75.43
介孔体积/（cm³·g^-1）	0.08	0.09	0.15
介孔平均孔径/nm	2.64	3.58	7.86

Table 2 Surface functional group contents of coconut shell，coal-based activated carbon and bamboo activated carbon

官能团/（mmol·g^-1）	椰壳活性炭	煤质活性炭	竹炭
总碱性基团	0.46	0.24	0.22
总酸性基团	0.10	0.17	0.26
羧基	0.01	0.07	0.13
内酯基	0.06	0.08	0.12
酚羟基	0.02	0.02	0.01

Fig.4 Zeta potential distribution of coconut shell activated carbon，coal activated carbon and bamboo activated carbon with pH

Fig.5 Removal effect of F-53B by coconut shell activated carbon，coal activated carbon and bamboo activated carbon

Fig.6 Adsorption isothermal nonlinear fitting curves of F-53B on coconut shell activated carbon（a），coal activated carbon（b）and bamboo activated carbon（c）

Table 3 Fitting parameters of isothermal model of F-53B adsorption by coconut shell activated carbon，coal activated carbon and bamboo activated carbon

活性炭	Langmuir模型			Freundlich模型
活性炭	Q _m	K _L	R ²	K _F	1/n	R ²
椰壳活性炭	261.64	2.39	0.94	152.07	0.27	0.95
煤质活性炭	93.37	23.68	0.83	65.98	0.12	0.94
竹炭	10.77	0.07	0.87	2.03	0.36	0.74

Fig.7 Kinetics fitting curves of F-53B on coconut shell activated carbon（a），coal activated carbon（b） and bamboo activated carbon（c）

Table 4 Kinetic fitting parameters of coconut shell activated carbon，coal activated carbon and bamboo activated carbon

活性炭	准一级反应动力学			准二级反应动力学
活性炭	Q _e	k ₁	R ²	Q _e	k ₂	R ²
椰壳活性炭	3.74	0.35	0.99	4.16	0.12	0.99
煤质活性炭	3.51	0.28	0.99	3.91	0.10	0.98
竹炭	0.41	1.19	0.93	0.43	4.01	0.97

Fig.8 Fitting of intra-granular diffusion models of coconut shell activated carbon，coal activated carbon and bamboo activated carbon

Table 5 Fitting parameters of intra-granular diffusion models of coconut shell activated carbon，coal activated carbon and bamboo activated carbon

活性炭	内扩散模型
活性炭	k _p1	k _p2	k _p3	C ₁	C ₂	C ₃	R ₁ ²	R ₂ ²	R ₃ ²
椰壳活性炭	1.27	0.15	0.13	0.05	3.06	3.82	0.93	0.92	0.66
煤质活性炭	1.06	0.14	0.001 3	0.02	2.87	3.52	0.98	0.73	0.97
竹炭	0.03	0.02		0.26	0.30		0.95	0.93

Fig.9 Effect of temperature on the adsorption capacity of F-53B adsorbed by coconut shell activated carbon

Table 6 Thermodynamic parameters of F-53B on coconut shell activated carbon at different temperatures

温度/℃	ΔH/（kJ·mol^-1）	ΔG/（kJ·mol^-1）
15	26.39	-12.05
25		-12.77
35		-13.83
45		-16.18

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